Chemistry In Everyday Life

1. Metabolism refers to sum of all enzyme catalysed chemical reactions taking place inside living organism. It involves anabolism (process of synthesis of macromolecules) and cata holism (process of break down of macromolecules). 2. Photosynthesis : (i) 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + O2 It takes place in chlorophyll (green plant pigment). It consists of two steps (a) Light reaction : Water is oxidised to O2 + ATP (b) Dark reaction : CO2 C6H12O6 3. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is carrier of chemical energy and is called energy currency of cell. ATP ADP + energy 4. Digestion : (i) Amylase (or ptylin) present in saliva hydrolyses. Starch Maltose (polysaccharide) (disaccharide) (ii) pH of stomach is 2. Gastric juice secreted by stomach has HC1. It causes denaturation of proteins in stomach. (iii) Small intestine has intestinal juice and pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas. Disaccharides are completely hydrolysed to monosaccharides in smell intestine. (iv) Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin are protolytic enzymes which hydrolyse proteins to a-amino acids. (v) Bile emulsifies fat. Lipids emulsified bile glycerol + fatty acid 5. Respiration : (i) Oxidation of glucose is done in two steps (a) Glycolysis (anaerobic process) Glucose Pyurvate + 2ATP (b) Cellular respiration (Kreb cycle) (aerobic process) (ii) Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose into CO2 + H2O produces 38 molecules of ATP. CHEMICALS IN MEDICINES : 1. Chemotherapy is branch of chemistry dealing in treatment of diseases by suitable chemicals. 2. Analgesics are medicines used for getting relief from pain. They are of two types : (a) Narcotics produce sleep and unconsciousness and are habit forming, e.g -Morphine, heroine, codeine, marijuana. (b) Non narcotics : e.g.- Brufen. 3. Antipyretics bring down body temperature during high fever. 4. Antimalarials bring down body temperature during malaria fever, e.g.- quinine, chloroquine. 5. Antiseptics Disinfectants Kills and prevents growth of microorganisms Not harmful for humans Examples: (i) Dettol (chlorohexenol + terpineoil) (ii) Bithional (iii) Salol (iv) aq. Boric acid Kills and prevents growth of microorganisms Harmful for humans. Examples: 1 % of solution of phenol 6. Tranquilizers are used to treat mental diseases and stress. They act on central nervous system and reduce anxiety, e.g.- Barbituric acid, luminat, seconal. 7. Antibiotics are chemicals which are produced by some micro-organism and are used to kill other microorganism, e.g.- Penicillin, Streptomycin (for tuberculosis), Chloroamphenicol (for typhoid). Broad spectrum antibiotics can kill all range of micro-organisms, e.g.- Tetracyclin. 8. Sulphadrugs are derivative of sulphanilamide and have antibacterial powers. 9. Antihistamines are anti allergic drugs. The protective mechanism by virtue of which body resists the invasion of foreign micro-organism is called immunity. Antibodies are proteins produced in response to some foreign substance called antigen. J. DYES: 1. Dyes are coloured compounds used to impart colour to fibres, paper, leather, hair etc. 2. (i) Natural dyes obtained from plants, e.g.- indigo. (ii) Dyes on the basis of structure Nitro dyes - Martius yellow. Azo dyes - Methyl orange. Indigoid dyes - Idigo. Phthalein dyes - Phenolphthalein. Acid dyes (have -SO3H or -COOH group) e.g.- Orange I, Orange II. Basic dyes (have -NH2 group) e.g.- aniline yellow. (iii) Direct dyes are applied directly on fabric, e.g.- Congo red, martius yellow. (iv) Disperse dyes are applied to fibre in form of its dispersion in a soap solution in presence of stabliser (e.g- phenol). Celliton fast pink B. (v) Vat dyes are insoluble dyes which are first reduced to colourless soluble form in large vats with reducing agents and applied to fabric and they are oxidised to coloured insoluble form in presence of air and oxidising agent.'e.g.- indigo. (vi) Mordant dyes are applied to fabric after treating with metal ion. (which act as mordant or binding agent). The colour of dye depends on metal ion. e.g.- Alizarin gives rose red colour with A13+ and blue colour with Ba2+. K. ROCKET PROPELLANTS: 1. Rocket propellant = Fuel + Oxidiser. 2. Hybrid propellants has solid fuel and liquid oxidiser. e.g.- acrylic rubber (solid fuel) and liquid N2O4. 3. Biliquid propellants have two liquids one of which act as fuel and other as oxidiser. e.g.- kerosene, alcohol, liquid H2O2, liquid oxidisers are liquid O2 or HNO3.